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1 neuron potential
потенциал нейрона; взвешенная сумма входов нейрона -
2 neuron potential
потенциал нейрона; взвешенная сумма входов нейронаThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > neuron potential
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3 potential
1) потенциал (1. потенциальная функция 2. потенциальные возможности) || потенциальный (1. относящийся к потенциальной функции 2. безвихревой (о поле) 3. относящийся к потенциальным возможностям)2) разность потенциалов, напряжение•- action potential
- alteration potential
- barrier potential
- bias potential
- Born-Mayer potential
- boundary potential
- breakdown potential
- breakdown surface potential
- Buckingham potential
- built-in potential
- Catlow-Diller-Norgett potential
- channel potential
- chemical potential
- complex potential
- confining potential
- contact potential
- control potential
- Coulomb potential
- critical potential
- cutoff potential
- dark potential
- deflecting potential
- deformation potential
- deionization potential
- demarcation potential
- diffusion potential
- early receptor potential
- electric potential
- electrochemical potential
- electrode potential
- electrokinetic potential
- electrolytic potential
- electromagnetic potential
- electron-stream potential
- electrophoretic potential
- equilibrium potential
- evoked potential
- excitation potential - extraction potential
- Fermi potential
- firing potential
- floating potential
- gate potential
- glow potential
- graded potential
- Hall potential
- image potential
- induced potential
- inhibitory potential - intensifier potential
- interface potential
- interionic potential
- ionization potential
- Josephson potential
- Lienard-Wiechert potential
- magnetic potential
- magnetic scalar potential
- magnetic vector potential
- mask potential
- membrane potential
- muffin-tin potential
- neuron potential
- nonequilibrium potential
- operating potential
- pair potential
- phase-boundary potential
- pinning potential
- plasma potential
- polarizing potential - radiation potential
- receptor potential
- reduction potential
- reference potential
- reflectionless potential
- reflector potential
- resonance potential
- rest potential
- resting potential
- retarded potential
- reversible potential
- scalar potential
- scalar electromagnetic potential
- single-particle potential
- sinusoidal potential
- spline potential
- substrate potential
- surface potential
- target potential
- thermodynamic potential
- Toda potential
- tracer potential
- transmembrane potential
- vector potential
- vector electromagnetic potential
- zero potential
- zeta potential -
4 potential
1) потенциал (1. потенциальная функция 2. потенциальные возможности) || потенциальный (1. относящийся к потенциальной функции 2. безвихревой (о поле) 3. относящийся к потенциальным возможностям)2) разность потенциалов, напряжение•- action potential
- alteration potential
- barrier potential
- bias potential
- Born-Mayer potential
- boundary potential
- breakdown potential
- breakdown surface potential
- Buckingham potential
- built-in potential
- Catlow-Diller-Norgett potential
- channel potential
- chemical potential
- complex potential
- confining potential
- contact potential
- control potential
- Coulomb potential
- critical potential
- cutoff potential
- dark potential
- deflecting potential
- deformation potential
- deionization potential
- demarcation potential
- diffusion potential
- early receptor potential
- electric potential
- electrochemical potential
- electrode potential
- electrokinetic potential
- electrolytic potential
- electromagnetic potential
- electron-stream potential
- electrophoretic potential
- equilibrium potential
- evoked potential
- excitation potential
- excitatory postsynaptic potential
- extinction potential
- extraction potential
- Fermi potential
- firing potential
- floating potential
- gate potential
- glow potential
- graded potential
- Hall potential
- image potential
- induced potential
- inhibitory postsynaptic potential
- inhibitory potential
- injury potential
- intensifier potential
- interface potential
- interionic potential
- ionization potential
- Josephson potential
- Lienard-Wiechert potential
- magnetic potential
- magnetic scalar potential
- magnetic vector potential
- mask potential
- membrane potential
- muffin-tin potential
- neuron potential
- nonequilibrium potential
- operating potential
- pair potential
- phase-boundary potential
- pinning potential
- plasma potential
- polarizing potential
- postsynaptic potential
- quasi-Fermi potential
- radiation potential
- receptor potential
- reduction potential
- reference potential
- reflectionless potential
- reflector potential
- resonance potential
- rest potential
- resting potential
- retarded potential
- reversible potential
- scalar electromagnetic potential
- scalar potential
- single-particle potential
- sinusoidal potential
- spline potential
- substrate potential
- surface potential
- target potential
- thermodynamic potential
- Toda potential
- tracer potential
- transmembrane potential
- vector electromagnetic potential
- vector potential
- zero potential
- zeta potentialThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > potential
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5 Computers
The brain has been compared to a digital computer because the neuron, like a switch or valve, either does or does not complete a circuit. But at that point the similarity ends. The switch in the digital computer is constant in its effect, and its effect is large in proportion to the total output of the machine. The effect produced by the neuron varies with its recovery from [the] refractory phase and with its metabolic state. The number of neurons involved in any action runs into millions so that the influence of any one is negligible.... Any cell in the system can be dispensed with.... The brain is an analogical machine, not digital. Analysis of the integrative activities will probably have to be in statistical terms. (Lashley, quoted in Beach, Hebb, Morgan & Nissen, 1960, p. 539)It is essential to realize that a computer is not a mere "number cruncher," or supercalculating arithmetic machine, although this is how computers are commonly regarded by people having no familiarity with artificial intelligence. Computers do not crunch numbers; they manipulate symbols.... Digital computers originally developed with mathematical problems in mind, are in fact general purpose symbol manipulating machines....The terms "computer" and "computation" are themselves unfortunate, in view of their misleading arithmetical connotations. The definition of artificial intelligence previously cited-"the study of intelligence as computation"-does not imply that intelligence is really counting. Intelligence may be defined as the ability creatively to manipulate symbols, or process information, given the requirements of the task in hand. (Boden, 1981, pp. 15, 16-17)The task is to get computers to explain things to themselves, to ask questions about their experiences so as to cause those explanations to be forthcoming, and to be creative in coming up with explanations that have not been previously available. (Schank, 1986, p. 19)In What Computers Can't Do, written in 1969 (2nd edition, 1972), the main objection to AI was the impossibility of using rules to select only those facts about the real world that were relevant in a given situation. The "Introduction" to the paperback edition of the book, published by Harper & Row in 1979, pointed out further that no one had the slightest idea how to represent the common sense understanding possessed even by a four-year-old. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 102)A popular myth says that the invention of the computer diminishes our sense of ourselves, because it shows that rational thought is not special to human beings, but can be carried on by a mere machine. It is a short stop from there to the conclusion that intelligence is mechanical, which many people find to be an affront to all that is most precious and singular about their humanness.In fact, the computer, early in its career, was not an instrument of the philistines, but a humanizing influence. It helped to revive an idea that had fallen into disrepute: the idea that the mind is real, that it has an inner structure and a complex organization, and can be understood in scientific terms. For some three decades, until the 1940s, American psychology had lain in the grip of the ice age of behaviorism, which was antimental through and through. During these years, extreme behaviorists banished the study of thought from their agenda. Mind and consciousness, thinking, imagining, planning, solving problems, were dismissed as worthless for anything except speculation. Only the external aspects of behavior, the surface manifestations, were grist for the scientist's mill, because only they could be observed and measured....It is one of the surprising gifts of the computer in the history of ideas that it played a part in giving back to psychology what it had lost, which was nothing less than the mind itself. In particular, there was a revival of interest in how the mind represents the world internally to itself, by means of knowledge structures such as ideas, symbols, images, and inner narratives, all of which had been consigned to the realm of mysticism. (Campbell, 1989, p. 10)[Our artifacts] only have meaning because we give it to them; their intentionality, like that of smoke signals and writing, is essentially borrowed, hence derivative. To put it bluntly: computers themselves don't mean anything by their tokens (any more than books do)-they only mean what we say they do. Genuine understanding, on the other hand, is intentional "in its own right" and not derivatively from something else. (Haugeland, 1981a, pp. 32-33)he debate over the possibility of computer thought will never be won or lost; it will simply cease to be of interest, like the previous debate over man as a clockwork mechanism. (Bolter, 1984, p. 190)t takes us a long time to emotionally digest a new idea. The computer is too big a step, and too recently made, for us to quickly recover our balance and gauge its potential. It's an enormous accelerator, perhaps the greatest one since the plow, twelve thousand years ago. As an intelligence amplifier, it speeds up everything-including itself-and it continually improves because its heart is information or, more plainly, ideas. We can no more calculate its consequences than Babbage could have foreseen antibiotics, the Pill, or space stations.Further, the effects of those ideas are rapidly compounding, because a computer design is itself just a set of ideas. As we get better at manipulating ideas by building ever better computers, we get better at building even better computers-it's an ever-escalating upward spiral. The early nineteenth century, when the computer's story began, is already so far back that it may as well be the Stone Age. (Rawlins, 1997, p. 19)According to weak AI, the principle value of the computer in the study of the mind is that it gives us a very powerful tool. For example, it enables us to formulate and test hypotheses in a more rigorous and precise fashion than before. But according to strong AI the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states. And according to strong AI, because the programmed computer has cognitive states, the programs are not mere tools that enable us to test psychological explanations; rather, the programs are themselves the explanations. (Searle, 1981b, p. 353)What makes people smarter than machines? They certainly are not quicker or more precise. Yet people are far better at perceiving objects in natural scenes and noting their relations, at understanding language and retrieving contextually appropriate information from memory, at making plans and carrying out contextually appropriate actions, and at a wide range of other natural cognitive tasks. People are also far better at learning to do these things more accurately and fluently through processing experience.What is the basis for these differences? One answer, perhaps the classic one we might expect from artificial intelligence, is "software." If we only had the right computer program, the argument goes, we might be able to capture the fluidity and adaptability of human information processing. Certainly this answer is partially correct. There have been great breakthroughs in our understanding of cognition as a result of the development of expressive high-level computer languages and powerful algorithms. However, we do not think that software is the whole story.In our view, people are smarter than today's computers because the brain employs a basic computational architecture that is more suited to deal with a central aspect of the natural information processing tasks that people are so good at.... hese tasks generally require the simultaneous consideration of many pieces of information or constraints. Each constraint may be imperfectly specified and ambiguous, yet each can play a potentially decisive role in determining the outcome of processing. (McClelland, Rumelhart & Hinton, 1986, pp. 3-4)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Computers
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6 bias
1) смещение; отклонение || смещать; отклонять2) напряжение смещения, (электрическое) смещение || подавать напряжение смещения, подавать смещение4) подмагничивание || подмагничивать, прикладывать подмагничивающее поле7) (механическое) смещение || (механически) смещать8) сабельность ( магнитной ленты)9) тлг преобладание10) смещение (оценки); систематическая ошибка (при оценивании)11) тенденция; тренд12) наклон; уклон; наклонная или диагональная линия; наклонное или диагональное направление || иметь наклон; располагать(ся) под наклоном или по диагонали; иметь наклонное или диагональное направление || наклонный; диагональный•- ac bias
- ac magnetic bias
- antiskate bias
- applied bias
- asymptotic bias
- automatic bias
- automatic back bias
- back bias
- backside bias
- base bias
- black bias
- C-bias
- cathode bias
- confirmation bias
- constant bias
- control-grid bias
- cross-field bias
- cutoff bias
- dc bias
- dc magnetic bias
- delayed bias - downward bias
- drain bias
- electrical bias
- emitter bias
- etching bias
- fine bias
- fixed bias
- forward bias
- frequency bias
- gate bias
- grid bias
- high-frequency bias
- high-temperature reverse bias
- internal bias
- line bias
- magnetic bias
- marking bias
- negative bias
- neuron bias
- no bias
- positive bias
- potential bias
- relay bias
- relocation bias
- reverse bias
- saturation bias
- source bias
- spacing bias
- systematic bias
- thermal bias
- timing bias
- unidirectional bias
- upward bias
- white bias
- zero bias -
7 diagram
диаграмма; схема; график; чертёж || строить диаграмму; составлять схему; строить график- Applegate diagram - band diagram
- bifurcation diagram - block diagram
- Bode diagram
- Bohr-Grotrian diagram
- Cayley diagram
- cardioid diagram
- chain diagram
- chromaticity diagram
- CIE chromaticity diagram
- CIE uniform-chromaticity-scale diagram
- CIE USC diagram
- circle diagram
- circuit diagram
- class diagram
- cluster diagram
- cognitive diagram
- color-phase diagram
- conceptual diagram
- connection diagram
- constellation diagram
- constitution diagram
- control diagram
- cording diagram
- cosecant-squared diagram
- coverage diagram - directivity diagram
- elementary diagram
- energy diagram
- energy-level diagram - eye diagram
- flow diagram
- functional diagram
- Gabor diagram
- geodesic chromaticity diagram
- geometric power diagram
- Hartree diagram
- highway diagram
- impedance circle diagram
- indicator diagram
- interconnection diagram
- isocandela diagram
- isolux diagram
- key diagram
- layer diagram of neural network
- load impedance diagram
- logic diagram
- logical diagram
- module diagram
- network diagram
- neuron diagram
- nodal diagram
- Nyquist diagram
- object diagram
- onion diagram
- phase diagram
- phasor diagram
- pictorial wiring diagram
- point diagram
- polar diagram
- potential diagram
- process diagram
- RGB chromaticity diagram
- Rieke diagram
- SADT diagram
- scatter diagram
- scattering diagram
- schematic circuit diagram
- skeleton diagram
- Smith diagram
- stability diagram
- standard chromaticity diagram
- state diagram
- state-transition diagram
- stick diagram
- structured analysis and design technique diagram
- tactical circuit diagram
- time diagram
- timing diagram
- tree diagram
- trunking diagram
- UCS diagram
- uniform chromaticity scale diagram
- vector diagram
- Venn diagram
- wiring diagram -
8 bias
1) смещение; отклонение || смещать; отклонять2) напряжение смещения, (электрическое) смещение || подавать напряжение смещения, подавать смещение4) подмагничивание || подмагничивать, прикладывать подмагничивающее поле7) (механическое) смещение || (механически) смещать8) сабельность ( магнитной ленты)9) тлг. преобладание10) смещение (оценки); систематическая ошибка (при оценивании)11) тенденция; тренд12) наклон; уклон; наклонная или диагональная линия; наклонное или диагональное направление || иметь наклон; располагать(ся) под наклоном или по диагонали; иметь наклонное или диагональное направление || наклонный; диагональный•- ac bias- ac magnetic bias
- antiskate bias
- applied bias
- asymptotic bias
- automatic back bias
- automatic bias
- back bias
- backside bias
- base bias
- bias of estimator
- black bias
- cathode bias
- C-bias
- confirmation bias
- constant bias
- control-grid bias
- cross-field bias
- cutoff bias
- dc bias
- dc magnetic bias
- delayed bias
- detector balance bias
- direct grid bias
- downward bias
- drain bias
- electrical bias
- emitter bias
- etching bias
- fine bias
- fixed bias
- forward bias
- frequency bias
- gate bias
- grid bias
- high-frequency bias
- high-temperature reverse bias
- internal bias
- line bias
- magnetic bias
- marking bias
- negative bias
- neuron bias
- no bias
- positive bias
- potential bias
- relay bias
- relocation bias
- reverse bias
- saturation bias
- source bias
- spacing bias
- systematic bias
- thermal bias
- timing bias
- unidirectional bias
- upward bias
- white bias
- zero biasThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > bias
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9 diagram
диаграмма; схема; график; чертёж || строить диаграмму; составлять схему; строить график- Applegate diagram
- application flow diagram
- Argand diagram
- band diagram
- bifurcation diagram
- binary decision diagram
- binary-phase diagram
- block diagram
- Bode diagram
- Bohr-Grotrian diagram
- cardioid diagram
- Cayley diagram
- chain diagram
- chromaticity diagram
- CIE chromaticity diagram
- CIE uniform-chromaticity-scale diagram
- CIE USC diagram
- circle diagram
- circuit diagram
- class diagram
- cluster diagram
- cognitive diagram
- color-phase diagram
- conceptual diagram
- connection diagram
- constellation diagram
- constitution diagram
- control diagram
- cording diagram
- cosecant-squared diagram
- coverage diagram
- dataflow diagram
- directional diagram
- directivity diagram
- elementary diagram
- energy diagram
- energy-level diagram
- entity-relationship diagram
- equilibrium diagram
- eye diagram
- flow diagram
- functional diagram
- Gabor diagram
- geodesic chromaticity diagram
- geometric power diagram
- Hartree diagram
- highway diagram
- impedance circle diagram
- indicator diagram
- interconnection diagram
- isocandela diagram
- isolux diagram
- key diagram
- layer diagram of neural network
- load impedance diagram
- logic diagram
- logical diagram
- module diagram
- network diagram
- neuron diagram
- nodal diagram
- Nyquist diagram
- object diagram
- onion diagram
- phase diagram
- phasor diagram
- pictorial wiring diagram
- point diagram
- polar diagram
- potential diagram
- process diagram
- RGB chromaticity diagram
- Rieke diagram
- SADT diagram
- scatter diagram
- scattering diagram
- schematic circuit diagram
- skeleton diagram
- Smith diagram
- stability diagram
- standard chromaticity diagram
- state diagram
- state-transition diagram
- stick diagram
- structured analysis and design technique diagram
- tactical circuit diagram
- time diagram
- timing diagram
- tree diagram
- trunking diagram
- UCS diagram
- uniform chromaticity scale diagram
- vector diagram
- Venn diagram
- wiring diagramThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > diagram
См. также в других словарях:
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